The AI Infrastructure Stack
Overview  /  Tier VI Energy  /  Layer 16: Power Generation
Sub-category 16.1

Independent Power Producers (IPPs)

Merchant generators selling into wholesale markets. The cleanest beta to AI power demand — price-takers in tightening markets.

Players

Players: Constellation Energy CEG, Vistra Energy VST, NRG Energy NRG, Talen Energy TLN, Calpine Private (acquired by VST 2025), Public Service Enterprise (PSEG) PEG

Analysis coming soon — this page is scaffolding for deeper research into independent power producers (ipps).